C2 - the features and processes associated with:
- running water
- ground water
- glaciers
- wind
- waves
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breaking down of the structure of rock or soil leaving it more vulnerable to erosion.
Erosion is the wearing away and removal of soil and rock by the action of water, wind and ice.
Identify the processes associated with:
- Running Water - the processes associated with fluvial environments (rivers)
Stages of Fluvial Development = This theory was first put forward by William Morris Davis in his papers "The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania" (1889) and "The Rivers and Valleys of Northern New Jersey, With Notes on the Classification of Rivers in General" (1890). He suggested that landscapes go through a series of changes over time after the initial uplift of land, as they 'age' due to erosion.
Weathering is the breaking down of the structure of rock or soil leaving it more vulnerable to erosion.
Erosion is the wearing away and removal of soil and rock by the action of water, wind and ice.
Identify the processes associated with:
- Running Water - the processes associated with fluvial environments (rivers)
Stages of Fluvial Development = This theory was first put forward by William Morris Davis in his papers "The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania" (1889) and "The Rivers and Valleys of Northern New Jersey, With Notes on the Classification of Rivers in General" (1890). He suggested that landscapes go through a series of changes over time after the initial uplift of land, as they 'age' due to erosion.
Methods of Sediment Transport - rivers move eroded material such as boulders, rocks, gravel, sand and silt down stream. These particles are collectively known as bedload.
There are four main transportation processes:
- Traction = larger particles such as boulders and pebbles are rolled along the river bed during high velocity flow
- Saltation = smaller particles such as pebbles and gravel 'skip' along the river bed when they are carried briefly in the current
- Suspension = fine particles such as sand, silt and clay are suspended in moving water
- Solution = dissolved material such as limestone, chalk or other minerals are carried downstream in water
There are four main transportation processes:
- Traction = larger particles such as boulders and pebbles are rolled along the river bed during high velocity flow
- Saltation = smaller particles such as pebbles and gravel 'skip' along the river bed when they are carried briefly in the current
- Suspension = fine particles such as sand, silt and clay are suspended in moving water
- Solution = dissolved material such as limestone, chalk or other minerals are carried downstream in water
Lateral Erosion = as the river erodes its bed and banks, it begins to meander (bend) and erode an ever wider channel across the valley floor.
The Drainage Pattern of a river is influenced by the type and structure of the underlying geology. This can greatly affect the formation of river features and the way a river responds to changes in discharge.
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Headward Erosion = The lengthening of a river's course, by erosion back towards its source.
Vertical Erosion = The river erodes its bed and banks, carving into the valley floor, deepening it. Identify the erosional and depositional features associated with running water Erosional features occur mostly in the upper and middle courses of the river, where there are steeper gradients, providing the necessary energy. Depositional features occur mostly in the middle and lower courses of the river, when the eroded material is transported by greater volumes of water and deposited. The Strahler Model orders streams according to how many tributaries flow into them - the higher the order, the greater the size of channel and volume of water. The Bradshaw Model describes the downstream changes in various stream characteristics which contribute the the formation of distinctive features along the course of a river.
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Identify the processes associated with:
- Ground Water - the processes most associated with Karst Environments
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karst-landform/
Solution =
1. The dissolution of carbonate rocks including limestone and dolomite, by dissolved carbon dioxide in water.
CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca2+ + 2 HCO3–
2. Rocks like gypsum and anhydrite dissolve very easily in water.
Karst Environments
- Ground Water - the processes most associated with Karst Environments
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karst-landform/
Solution =
1. The dissolution of carbonate rocks including limestone and dolomite, by dissolved carbon dioxide in water.
CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca2+ + 2 HCO3–
2. Rocks like gypsum and anhydrite dissolve very easily in water.
Karst Environments